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c.1740—1788, Loyalist leader in colonial New York, b. Ireland. He emigrated to America as a boy and married (1763) a daughter of Sir William Johnson, whom he succeeded as superintendent of Indian affairs in 1774. He had served in the French and Indian War and had acted as a deputy of Sir William after 1762. In the American Revolution he helped to keep most of the Iroquois loyal to the British. He made his headquarters (1779—81) at Niagara and with his deputy, John Butler, directed Loyalist raids against the patriot frontier settlements. He was succeeded as superintendent of Indian affairs by Sir John Johnson in 1782.
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